SMALL INTESTINAL L CELL DENSITY IN PATIENTS WITH SEVERE OBESITY AFTER ROUX-EN-Y GASTRIC BYPASS.

BACKGROUND: Enteroendocrine L cells can be found in the entire gastrointestinal tract and their incretins act on glycemic control and metabolic homeostasis. Patients with severe obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus may have lower density of L cells in the proximal intestine. AIMS: This study aimed to analyze the density of L cells in the segments of the small intestine in the late postoperative of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass in diabetic patients with standardization of 60 cm in both loops, alimentary and biliopancreatic. METHODS: Immunohistochemistry analysis assays were made from intestinal biopsies in three segments: gastrointestinal anastomosis (GIA= Point A), enteroenteral anastomosis (EEA= Point B= 60 cm distal to the GIA) and 60 cm distal to the enteroenteral anastomosis (Point C). RESULTS: A higher density of L cells immunostaining the glucagon-1 peptide was observed in the distal portion (Point C) when compared to the more proximal portions (Points A and B). CONCLUSIONS: The concentration of L cells is higher 60 cm distal to enteroenteral anastomosis when comparing to proximal segments and may explain the difference in intestinal lumen sensitization and enterohormonal response after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass.

FOOD TOLERANCE AND NUTRITIONAL RISK AFTER SLEEVE GASTRECTOMY AND ROUX-EN-Y GASTRIC BYPASS IN ELDERLY PATIENTS WITH SEVERE OBESITY: A PROSPECTIVE, RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL.

BACKGROUND: Bariatric surgery is still controversial in elderly patients with severe obesity. Most publications focus on safety and early clinical outcomes. Food tolerance and nutritional postoperative risk is unknown for this population. METHODS: Thirty-six elderly patients with severe obesity were recruited for an open-label randomized trial from September 2017 to May 2019 comparing laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) to Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass (LRYGB). Food tolerance was accessed by Quality of Alimentation (QoA) questionnaire and data on weight loss, body composition, and nutritional risk were collected between 6 and 24 months after surgery. RESULTS: Comparing LSG to LRYGB patients, the latter had higher total weight loss (22% vs 31%, P=0.01) and excess weight loss (53% vs 68%, P=0.01). Food tolerance to eight food groups was similar between groups (14 vs 15 points, P=0.270), as Suter score (23 vs 25, P=0.238). Daily protein intake was below recommendation in both groups (40 vs 51 g/d, P=0.105). Nutritional risk, evaluated through Standardized Phase Angle (-1.48 vs -1.99, P=0.027), was worse for LRYGB group. CONCLUSION: Food tolerance and adequacy of food consumption were similar in both groups. LRYGB patients had higher nutritional risk.

Tolerância alimentar e risco nutricional após gastrectomia vertical e bypass gástrico em Y-de-Roux em pacientes idosos com obesidade grave: um estudo clínico prospectivo randomizado / Food tolerance and nutritional risk after sleeve gastrectomy and roux-en-y gastric bypass in elderly patients with severe obesity: a prospective, randomized controlled trial

ABSTRACT Background: Bariatric surgery is still controversial in elderly patients with severe obesity. Most publications focus on safety and early clinical outcomes. Food tolerance and nutritional postoperative risk is unknown for this population. Methods: Thirty-six elderly patients with severe obesity were recruited for an open-label randomized trial from September 2017 to May 2019 comparing laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) to Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass (LRYGB). Food tolerance was accessed by Quality of Alimentation (QoA) questionnaire and data on weight loss, body composition, and nutritional risk were collected between 6 and 24 months after surgery. Results: Comparing LSG to LRYGB patients, the latter had higher total weight loss (22% vs 31%, P=0.01) and excess weight loss (53% vs 68%, P=0.01). Food tolerance to eight food groups was similar between groups (14 vs 15 points, P=0.270), as Suter score (23 vs 25, P=0.238). Daily protein intake was below recommendation in both groups (40 vs 51 g/d, P=0.105). Nutritional risk, evaluated through Standardized Phase Angle (-1.48 vs -1.99, P=0.027), was worse for LRYGB group. Conclusion: Food tolerance and adequacy of food consumption were similar in both groups. LRYGB patients had higher nutritional risk.

RESUMO Contexto: A cirurgia bariátrica ainda é controversa em pacientes idosos com obesidade grave. A maioria das publicações tem foco em segurança e desfechos clínicos precoces. A tolerância alimentar e o risco nutricional pós-operatório são desconhecidos para essa população. Métodos: Trinta e seis pacientes idosos com obesidade grave foram recrutados para um estudo clínico randomizado de setembro de 2017 a maio de 2019 comparando gastrectomia vertical com Bypass Gástrico em Y-de-Roux (BGYR). A tolerância alimentar foi avaliada pelo questionário de qualidade alimentar e dados sobre perda de peso, composição corporal e risco nutricional foram coletados entre 6 e 24 meses após a cirurgia. Resultados: Comparando os pacientes de gastrectomia vertical com BGYR, estes tiveram maior perda de peso total (22% vs 31%, P=0,01) e perda do excesso de peso (53% vs 68%, P=0,01). A tolerância alimentar para oito grupos foi similar entre grupos 14 vs 15 pontos, P=0,270), bem como o escore de Suter (23 vs 25, P=0,238). A ingestão diária de proteínas foi abaixo do recomendado para ambos os grupos (40 vs 51 g/d, P=0,105). O risco nutricional, avaliado através do ângulo de fase padronizado (-1,48 vs -1,99, P=0,027), foi pior para o grupo do BGYR. Conclusão: A tolerância alimentar e adequação do consumo alimentar foi similar entre os grupos. Pacientes submetidos a BGYR tiveram maior risco nutricional.

Small intestinal l cell density in patients with severe obesity after roux-en-y gastric bypass / Avaliação da densidade das células l no intestino delgado em obesos graves após gastroplastia em y-de-roux

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Enteroendocrine L cells can be found in the entire gastrointestinal tract and their incretins act on glycemic control and metabolic homeostasis. Patients with severe obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus may have lower density of L cells in the proximal intestine. AIMS: This study aimed to analyze the density of L cells in the segments of the small intestine in the late postoperative of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass in diabetic patients with standardization of 60 cm in both loops, alimentary and biliopancreatic. METHODS: Immunohistochemistry analysis assays were made from intestinal biopsies in three segments: gastrointestinal anastomosis (GIA= Point A), enteroenteral anastomosis (EEA= Point B= 60 cm distal to the GIA) and 60 cm distal to the enteroenteral anastomosis (Point C). RESULTS: A higher density of L cells immunostaining the glucagon-1 peptide was observed in the distal portion (Point C) when compared to the more proximal portions (Points A and B). CONCLUSIONS: The concentration of L cells is higher 60 cm distal to enteroenteral anastomosis when comparing to proximal segments and may explain the difference in intestinal lumen sensitization and enterohormonal response after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass.

RESUMO RACIONAL: As células L enteroendócrinas podem ser encontradas na extensão de todo trato gastrointestinal e suas incretinas atuam no controle glicêmico e da homeostase metabólica. Estudos mostram que pacientes obesos graves com diabetes mellitus tipo 2 apresentam má sinalização entero-hormonal e baixa resposta da secreção do peptídeo glucagon-1, que poderia ser explicado por uma densidade menor de células L ou uma distribuição mais distal ao longo do intestino delgado. OBJETIVOS: Analisar a diferença da densidade de células L nos segmentos do intestino delgado de pacientes obesos graves submetidos à gastroplastia em Y de Roux, em período pós-operatório tardio, com padronização de alça alimentar e biliopancreática com extensão de 60 cm em ambas. MÉTODOS: Ensaios de análises de imuno-histoquímica foram feitos a partir de biopsias intestinais obtidas em três segmentos: junto à anastomose gastrointestinal (AGI= Ponto A), junto à anastomose entero-enteral (AEE= Ponto B= 60 cm distal à AGI) e 60 cm distalmente à anastomose entero-enteral (Ponto C). Os resultados foram obtidos por meio de imunomarcação do peptídeo glucagon-1 secretado pelas células L. RESULTADOS: Foi observada maior densidade de células L na porção mais distal do intestino delgado (Ponto C) quando comparada às porções mais proximais (Ponto A e B). CONCLUSÕES: Em pacientes no pós-operatório de gastroplastia em Y de Roux, identificou-se concentração maior de células L já na porção a 60 cm distalmente a entero-entero anastomose quando comparada aos segmentos proximais, o que pode explicar diferenças na sensibilização no lúmen intestinal e na resposta entero-hormonal.

TRUNK BODY MASS INDEX: A NEW REFERENCE FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF BODY MASS DISTRIBUTION.

BACKGROUND: Body mass index (BMI) has some limitations for nutritional diagnosis since it does not represent an accurate measure of body fat and it is unable to identify predominant fat distribution. AIM: To develop a BMI based on the ratio of trunk mass and height. METHODS: Fifty-seven patients in preoperative evaluation to bariatric surgery were evaluated. The preoperative anthropometric evaluation assessed weight, height and BMI. The body composition was evaluated by bioimpedance, obtaining the trunk fat free mass and fat mass, and trunk height. Trunk BMI (tBMI) was calculated by the sum of the measurements of the trunk fat free mass (tFFM) and trunk fat mass (tFM) in kg, divided by the trunk height squared (m2)). The calculation of the trunk fat BMI (tfBMI) was calculated by tFM, in kg, divided by the trunk height squared (m2)). For the correction and adjustment of the tBMI and tfBMI, it was calculated the relation between trunk extension and height, multiplying by the obtained indexes. RESULTS: The mean data was: weight 125.3±19.5 kg, height 1.63±0.1 m, BMI was 47±5 kg/m2) and trunk height was 0.52±0,1 m, tFFM was 29.05±4,8 kg, tFM was 27.2±3.7 kg, trunk mass index was 66.6±10.3 kg/m², and trunk fat was 32.3±5.8 kg/m². In 93% of the patients there was an increase in obesity class using the tBMI. In patients with grade III obesity the tBMI reclassified to super obesity in 72% of patients and to super-super obesity in 24% of the patients. CONCLUSION: The trunk BMI is simple and allows a new reference for the evaluation of the body mass distribution, and therefore a new reclassification of the obesity class, evidencing the severity of obesity in a more objectively way.

Trunk body mass index: a new reference for the assessment of body mass distribution / índice de massa corpórea do tronco: nova referência para avaliação da distribuição da massa corporal

ABSTRACT Background: Body mass index (BMI) has some limitations for nutritional diagnosis since it does not represent an accurate measure of body fat and it is unable to identify predominant fat distribution. Aim: To develop a BMI based on the ratio of trunk mass and height. Methods: Fifty-seven patients in preoperative evaluation to bariatric surgery were evaluated. The preoperative anthropometric evaluation assessed weight, height and BMI. The body composition was evaluated by bioimpedance, obtaining the trunk fat free mass and fat mass, and trunk height. Trunk BMI (tBMI) was calculated by the sum of the measurements of the trunk fat free mass (tFFM) and trunk fat mass (tFM) in kg, divided by the trunk height squared (m2)). The calculation of the trunk fat BMI (tfBMI) was calculated by tFM, in kg, divided by the trunk height squared (m2)). For the correction and adjustment of the tBMI and tfBMI, it was calculated the relation between trunk extension and height, multiplying by the obtained indexes. Results: The mean data was: weight 125.3±19.5 kg, height 1.63±0.1 m, BMI was 47±5 kg/m2) and trunk height was 0.52±0,1 m, tFFM was 29.05±4,8 kg, tFM was 27.2±3.7 kg, trunk mass index was 66.6±10.3 kg/m², and trunk fat was 32.3±5.8 kg/m². In 93% of the patients there was an increase in obesity class using the tBMI. In patients with grade III obesity the tBMI reclassified to super obesity in 72% of patients and to super-super obesity in 24% of the patients. Conclusion: The trunk BMI is simple and allows a new reference for the evaluation of the body mass distribution, and therefore a new reclassification of the obesity class, evidencing the severity of obesity in a more objectively way.

RESUMO Racional: O índice de massa corporal (IMC) para diagnóstico nutricional apresenta limitações, pois não representa medida precisa da adiposidade corporal, podendo assim subestimar a presença de obesidade. Objetivo: Desenvolver um índice de massa corporal baseado entre a relação da massa e altura do tronco. Método: Cinquenta e sete pacientes em preparo pré-operatório para cirurgia bariátrica foram submetidos à avaliação antropométrica (peso, altura e índice de massa corporal). Para cálculo do IMC do tronco foi avaliada a composição corporal pela bioimpedância, obtendo-se a massa livre de gordura e massa de gordura do tronco; a medida do tronco foi calculada pela diferença entre a altura a partir da sétima vértebra cervical e a extensão dos membros inferiores. O cálculo do IMC do tronco (IMCt) foi a soma das medidas da massa livre de gordura do tronco (MLGt) e massa de gordura do tronco (MGt), em kg, dividindo-se pelo quadrado da altura do tronco (m2)). O IMC de gordura do tronco (IMCgt) foi calculado utilizando a MGt, em kg, dividindo-a pelo quadrado da altura do tronco (m2)). Para correção e ajuste do IMCt e IMCgt foi calculada a relação entre os valores de extensão do tronco e da altura, multiplicando-se pelo valor dos índices obtidos. Resultados: As médias do peso e altura foram de 125,3±19,5 kg e 1,63 m±0,1, respectivamente, e do IMC de 47±5 kg/m2). A média da altura do tronco foi de 0,52±0,1 m, da MLGt de 29,05±4,8 kg, da MGt de 27,2±3,7 kg, do IMCt de 66,6±10,3 kg/m², e do IMCgt 32,3±5,8 kg/m². Em 93% dos pacientes houve aumento da classificação da gravidade da obesidade com o cálculo do IMCt . Nos pacientes com obesidade grau III, o IMCt alterou a classificação para super-obesidade em 72% dos pacientes e para super-super obesidade em 24% dos pacientes. Conclusão: O IMC do tronco é método antropométrico acessível e prático, que permite a reclassificação do IMC baseado na distribuição da massa do tronco, evidenciando de forma mais clara a gravidade da obesidade.

Left Ventricular Dilation and Pulmonary Vasodilatation after Surgical Shunt for Treatment of Pre-Sinusoidal Portal Hypertension.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to prospectively investigate the long-term cardiovascular and pulmonary hemodynamic effects of surgical shunt for treatment of portal hypertension (PH) due to Schistosomiasis mansoni. LOCATION: The University of São Paulo Medical School, Brazil; Public Practice. METHODS: Hemodynamic evaluation was performed with transesophageal Doppler and contrast-enhanced echocardiography (ECHO) on twenty-eight participants with schistosomal portal hypertension. Participants were divided into two groups according to the surgical procedure used to treat their schistosomal portal hypertension within the last two years: group 1-distal splenorenal shunt (DSRS, n = 13) and group 2-esophagogastric devascularization and splenectomy (EGDS, n = 15). RESULTS: The cardiac output (5.08 ± 0.91 L/min) and systolic volume (60.1 ± 5.6 ml) were increased (p = 0.001) in the DSRS group. DSRS participants had a significant increase (p < 0.0001) in their left ventricular end-systolic and end-diastolic diameters as well as in their left ventricular end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes (p < 0.001) compared with the preoperative period. No statistically significant difference was found in the patients who underwent EGDS. ECHO revealed intrapulmonary vasodilatation (IPV) in 18 participants (64%), 9 DSRS and 9 EGDS (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The late increase in the cardiac output, stroke volume and left ventricular diameters demonstrated left ventricular dilatation after a distal splenorenal shunt. ECHO revealed a greater prevalence for IPV in patients with schistosomiasis than has previously been described in patients with PH from liver cirrhosis.

BARIATRIC SURGERY IN THE ELDERLY: RESULTS OF A MEAN FOLLOW-UP OF FIVE YEARS / CIRURGIA BARIÁTRICA EM IDOSOS: RESULTADOS DE SEGUIMENTO DE CINCO ANOS

Background: Surgical treatment of obesity in the elderly, particularly over 65, remains controversial; it is explained by the increased surgical risk or the lack of data demonstrating its long-term benefit. Few studies have evaluated the clinical effects of bariatric surgery in this population.Aim: To evaluate the results of surgical treatment of obesity in patients over 60 years, followed for an average period of five years. Method: This was a retrospective study evaluating 46 patients, 60 years or older, who underwent surgical treatment of obesity, by conventional gastric bypass technique (laparotomy). The average age was 64 years (60-71), mean BMI of 49.6 kg/m2 (38-66), mean follow-up of 5.9 years; 91% of patients were hypertensive, 56% diabetics and 39% had dyslipidemia. Results: The incidence of complications (major and minor) in patients under 65 years was 26% and over 65 years 37% (p=0.002). There were no deaths in the group with less than 65 years and there were two deaths (12.5%) over 65 years. The average loss of overweight over 65 years or less was 72% vs 68% (p=0.56). There was total control of the diabetes mellitus in 77% and partial in 23%, with no difference between groups. There was improvement in arterial hypertension in 56% of patients, also no difference between groups. The average LDL levels did not differ between the pre and postoperative (106 mg/dl to 102 mg/dl), an increase of HDL (56 mg/dl to 68 mg/dL) and reduced triglyceride levels (136 mg/dl to 109 mg/dl). There was no statistical difference in the variation of the cholesterol fractions and triglycerides between the groups. Two patients in the group with less than 65 years died in late follow-up, of brain tumor and pneumonia, three and five years after bariatric surgery, respectively. Conclusions: Surgical morbidity and mortality were higher in patients over 65 years, and this group had the same benefits observed in patients lower 65 years for weight loss and comorbidities control.

Racional: O tratamento cirúrgico da obesidade em idosos, em particular nos indivíduos com mais de 65 anos, permanece controverso; seja pelo risco cirúrgico aumentado ou pela ausência de dados que demonstrem seu benefício em longo prazo.Objetivo: Avaliar os resultados do tratamento cirúrgico em pacientes com mais de 60 anos, seguidos por um período médio de cinco anos. Método: Estudo retrospectivo que avaliou 46 pacientes com 60 anos ou mais, submetidos ao bypass gástrico convencional (laparotomia). A idade média foi de 64 anos (60-71), IMC médio de 49,6 kg/m2 (38-66), tempo médio de seguimento de 5,9 anos. Pacientes eram hipertensos eram 91%, diabéticos 56% e 39% tinham dislipidemia.Resultados: A incidência de complicações (maiores e menores) nos com menos de 65 anos foi de 26% e com mais de 65 anos de 37% (p=0,002). Não houve óbitos no grupo com menos de 65 anos e houve dois óbitos (12,5%) no com mais de 65. A perda média de excesso de peso nos pacientes com mais ou menos de 65 anos foi de 72% x 68% (p=0,56). Houve controle total do diabete melito em 77% dos pacientes e parcial em 23%, sem diferença entre os grupos com mais ou menos de 65 anos. Houve melhora da hipertensão arterial em 56% dos pacientes também sem diferença entre os grupos. Os níveis médios de LDL não variaram entre o pré e pós-operatório (106 mg/dl para 102 mg/dl), houve aumento do HDL (56 mg/dl para 68 mg/dl) e redução do triglicérides (136 mg/dl para 109 mg/dl). Não houve diferença estatística na variação das frações de colesterol e triglicerídeos entre os grupos. Dois pacientes do grupo com menos de 65 anos morreram no seguimento tardio por tumor cerebral e pneumonia, três e cinco anos após a cirurgia bariátrica, respectivamente. Conclusões: A morbimortalidade cirúrgica nos pacientes com mais de 65 anos foi maior. Mas, os acima de 65 tiveram os mesmos benefícios observados nos com menos de 65 anos, em relação à perda de peso e controle de comorbidades.

ENDOSCOPIC CHANGES RELATED TO GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE: COMPARATIVE STUDY AMONG BARIATRIC SURGERY PATIENTS / ALTERAÇÕES ENDOSCÓPICAS RELACIONADAS À DOENÇA DO REFLUXO GASTROESOFÁGICO: ESTUDO COMPARATIVO ENTRE OBESOS SUBMETIDOS À CIRURGIA BARIÁTRICA

Background:Obesity is correlated with several comorbidities, including gastroesophageal reflux disease. Its main complications are detectable by endoscopy: erosive esophagitis and Barrett's esophagus.Aim: To correlate erosive esophagitis and hiatal hernia with the degree of body mass index (BMI).Method: Was performed a retrospective analysis of 717 preoperative endoscopic reports of bariatric patients. Fifty-six (8%) presented hiatal hernia, being 44 small, nine medium and five large. Esophagitis was classified by Los Angeles classification.Results: There was no correlation between the presence and dimension of hiatal hernia with BMI. One hundred thirty-four (18.7%) patients presented erosive esophagitis. Among them, 104 (14.5%) had esophagitis grade A; 25 (3.5%) grade B; and five (0.7%) grade C. When considering only the patients with erosive esophagitis, 77.6% had esophagitis grade A, 18.7% grade B and 3.7% grade C. Were identified only two patients with Barrett's esophagus (0,28%).Conclusion: There was a positive correlation between the degree of esophagitis with increasing BMI.

Racional:A obesidade está correlacionada com diversas comorbidades, dentre elas a doença do refluxo gastroesofágico. Ela tem como um de seus principais desencadeantes a hérnia do hiato, e como suas principais complicações a esofagite erosiva e o esôfago de Barrett.Objetivo: Correlacionar o grau do índice de massa corporal (IMC) com a presença e tamanho da hérnia hiatal, e com a presença e gravidade da esofagite erosiva e esôfago de Barrett.Método: Foi realizada análise retrospectiva de laudos endoscópicos pré-operatórios de 717 pacientes submetidos à cirurgia bariátrica. A hérnia de hiato esteve presente em 56 pacientes (8%), sendo que delas 44 eram pequenas, nove médias e cinco grandes. O grau da esofagite obedeceu o preconizado pela Classificação de Los Angeles.Resultados: Não houve correlação entre a presença ou tamanho da herniação hiatal com o IMC. Dos pacientes avaliados, 134 (18,7%) apresentavam esofagite erosiva. Dentre elas 104 (14,5%) eram grau A; 25 (3,5%) grau B e cinco (0,7%) grau C. Considerando-se apenas os portadores de esofagite erosiva, 77,6% eram grau A; 18,7% grau B; e 3,7% grau C. Foram identificados apenas dois casos de esôfago de Barrett (0,28% da amostra total).Conclusão: Observou-se correlação positiva entre o grau de esofagite com o aumento do IMC.

Correlation between intra-abdominal pressure and pulmonary volumes after superior and inferior abdominal surgery.

OBJECTIVE: Patients undergoing abdominal surgery are at risk for pulmonary complications. The principal cause of postoperative pulmonary complications is a significant reduction in pulmonary volumes (FEV1 and FVC) to approximately 65-70% of the predicted value. Another frequent occurrence after abdominal surgery is increased intra-abdominal pressure. The aim of this study was to correlate changes in pulmonary volumes with the values of intra-abdominal pressure after abdominal surgery, according to the surgical incision in the abdomen (superior or inferior). METHODS: We prospectively evaluated 60 patients who underwent elective open abdominal surgery with a surgical time greater than 240 minutes. Patients were evaluated before surgery and on the 3rd postoperative day. Spirometry was assessed by maximal respiratory maneuvers and flow-volume curves. Intra-abdominal pressure was measured in the postoperative period using the bladder technique. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients was 56 ± 13 years, and 41.6% 25 were female; 50 patients (83.3%) had malignant disease. The patients were divided into two groups according to the surgical incision (superior or inferior). The lung volumes in the preoperative period showed no abnormalities. After surgery, there was a significant reduction in both FEV1 (1.6 ± 0.6 L) and FVC (2.0 ± 0.7 L) with maintenance of FEV1/FVC of 0.8 ± 0.2 in both groups. The maximum intra-abdominal pressure values were similar (p=0.59) for the two groups. There was no association between pulmonary volumes and intra-abdominal pressure measured in any of the groups analyzed. CONCLUSIONS: Our results show that superior and inferior abdominal surgery determines hypoventilation, unrelated to increased intra-abdominal pressure. Patients at high risk of pulmonary complications should receive respiratory care even if undergoing inferior abdominal surgery.

Functional assessment of older obese patients candidates for bariatric surgery / Avaliação funcional de pacientes idosos candidatos à cirurgia bariátrica

Context Obesity in the elderly is associated with exacerbation of functional decline (dependency), that occurs with aging, because of decreased muscle mass and strength, and increased joint dysfunction. Consequently, there is progressive loss of independence, autonomy, chronic pain and impaired quality of life. The weight loss can bring benefits in all these aspects, especially when accompanied by exercises. Elderly patients with morbid obesity may be submitted to surgical treatment, taking into account that the massive weight loss, eventually caused by bariatric surgery, may exacerbate the loss of muscle mass and nutritional complications that may bring harm to the overall health and quality of life of these patients. The functional assessment of elderly patients, candidates for bariatric surgery and the extent to which surgery can bring benefits to the patients, in the field of functionality, has still to be determined. Objective To describe profile functionality in obese elderly referred to a bariatric surgery program. Methods Patients with age ≥60 and BMI ≥35 underwent comprehensive geriatric assessment that evaluates co morbidities, medication use, ability to perform basic activities of daily living and instrumental activities of daily living, and the “Timedupandgo” test to evaluate mobility, whose cut-off point was ≤10 seconds. Statistical analysis was performed in order to see if there is a positive correlation of dependency with BMI and age (over or under 65 years). Results Forty subjects have completed evaluation. The mean age was 64.1 years (60-72) and 75% were women. They had an average weight of 121.1 kg (72.7-204) and a mean BMI of 47.2 kg/m2 (35.8-68.9). 16 patients (40%) have shown dependency for activities of daily living, 19 (47,5%) for instrumental activities of daily living and 20 patients (50%) had a “Timedupandgo” test over 10 seconds. Statistical analysis (t-Student, ...

Contexto A obesidade em idosos está associada ao maior comprometimento da funcionalidade, que ocorre com o envelhecimento e em decorrência de perda de massa e força muscular, além de disfunção articular. Como consequência, há perda progressiva de autonomia, dor crônica, diminuição de qualidade de vida e dependência progressiva. A perda de peso pode trazer benefícios em todos esses aspectos, principalmente quando acompanhada de exercícios físicos. Pacientes idosos com obesidade mórbida podem ser submetidos ao tratamento cirúrgico, levando-se em consideração que a perda de peso maciça, proporcionada pela cirurgia bariátrica, pode agravar a perda de massa muscular e trazer complicações nutricionais que poderão prejudicar a saúde global e a qualidade de vida desses pacientes. A avaliação funcional de pacientes idosos candidatos à cirurgia bariátrica e, em que medida a cirurgia pode trazer benefícios ao paciente no campo da funcionalidade ainda precisam ser determinadas. Objetivos Objetivo - O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o perfil de funcionalidade de pacientes idosos em um programa de cirurgia bariátrica. Método Trata-se de um estudo transversal que avaliou por meio de entrevista, exame físico, exames laboratoriais e revisão de prontuários pacientes com obesidade graus II e III, candidatos à cirurgia bariátrica, com 60 anos ou mais. A análise incluiu peso, IMC, presença de comorbidades mais comuns, utilização de medicações para doenças crônicas e testes funcionais. Para os últimos foram utilizados questionários de avaliação de atividades diárias, atividades diárias instrumentalizadas e o teste “Timeupandgo” que avalia mobilidade, cujo tempo de corte é de até ...

Preoperative weight loss in super-obese patients: study of the rate of weight loss and its effects on surgical morbidity.

OBJECTIVES: The incidence of obesity and particularly super obesity, has increased tremendously. At our institution, super obesity represents 30.1% of all severely obese individuals in the bariatric surgery program. In super obesity, surgical morbidity is higher and the results are worse compared with morbid obesity, independent of the surgical technique. The primary strategy for minimizing complications in these patients is to decrease the body mass index before surgery. Preoperative weight reduction can be achieved by a hypocaloric diet, drug therapy, an intragastric balloon, or hospitalization. The objective of this study was to analyze the results of a period of hospitalization for preoperative weight loss in a group of super-obese patients. METHODS: Twenty super-obese patients were submitted to a weight loss program between 2006 and 2010. The mean patient age was 46 years (range 21-59). The mean BMI was 66 kg/m2 (range 51-98) and 12 were women. The average hospital stay was 19.9 weeks and the average weight loss was 19% of the initial weight (7-37%). The average caloric intake was 5 kcal/kg/day. After the weight loss program, the patients underwent gastric bypass surgery. RESULTS: The statistical analysis revealed that after 14 weeks of treatment (15% loss of initial weight), the weight loss was not significant. All patients had satisfactory surgical recovery and were discharged after an average of 4.6 days. CONCLUSION: In super obesity, preoperative weight loss is an important method for reducing surgical risks. Hospitalization and a hypocaloric diet are safe and effective. After 14 weeks, the weight loss rate stabilized, signaling the time of surgical intervention in our study.

Preoperative weight loss in super-obese patients: study of the rate of weight loss and its effects on surgical morbidity

OBJECTIVES: The incidence of obesity and particularly super obesity, has increased tremendously. At our institution, super obesity represents 30.1% of all severely obese individuals in the bariatric surgery program. In super obesity, surgical morbidity is higher and the results are worse compared with morbid obesity, independent of the surgical technique. The primary strategy for minimizing complications in these patients is to decrease the body mass index before surgery. Preoperative weight reduction can be achieved by a hypocaloric diet, drug therapy, an intragastric balloon, or hospitalization. The objective of this study was to analyze the results of a period of hospitalization for preoperative weight loss in a group of super-obese patients. METHODS: Twenty super-obese patients were submitted to a weight loss program between 2006 and 2010. The mean patient age was 46 years (range 21-59). The mean BMI was 66 kg/m2 (range 51-98) and 12 were women. The average hospital stay was 19.9 weeks and the average weight loss was 19% of the initial weight (7-37%). The average caloric intake was 5 kcal/kg/day. After the weight loss program, the patients underwent gastric bypass surgery. RESULTS: The statistical analysis revealed that after 14 weeks of treatment (15% loss of initial weight), the weight loss was not significant. All patients had satisfactory surgical ...

Tratamento de curto prazo com liraglutide no reganho de peso após cirurgia bariátrica / Short-term use of liraglutide in the management of patients with weight regain after bariatric surgery

OBJETIVO: avaliar os resultados da utilização do liraglutide em um grupo de pacientes submetidos ao tratamento cirúrgico da obesidade mórbida com perda insatisfatória de peso ou ganho de mais de 15% do seu peso mínimo atingido. MÉTODOS: realizou-se análise retrospectiva de 15 pacientes operados que tiveram perda de excesso de peso <50% após dois anos de seguimento ou reganho de peso de mais de 15% do peso mínimo atingido. Foram incluídos apenas pacientes que apresentavam a "anatomia cirúrgica" normal avaliada por radiografia contrastada e endoscopia digestiva alta. A média de idade foi 47,2±12,5 anos e os pacientes receberam liraglutide na dose de 1,2 a 3,0mg/dia por oito a 28 semanas de seguimento. RESULTADOS: o tratamento cirúrgico induziu uma perda de peso de 34,1± 16,5Kg. A média de reganho de peso após 5,3 ±3,3 anos foi 14,2±12,1Kg. A media de peso reduziu significativamente após o tratamento com liraglutide (100,9±18,3Kg vs. 93,5±17,4Kg; p<0,0001). Seis pacientes apresentaram náuseas e dois descontinuaram o tratamento em decorrência do custo da medicação. CONCLUSÃO: o tratamento clínico medicamentoso dirigido para o controle da saciedade com o uso do liraglutide pode ser uma alternativa para manejo dos pacientes com reganho de peso ou perda insuficiente após o tratamento cirúrgico, quando nenhum problema técnico tenha sido identificado.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the results of the use of liraglutide in a group of patients undergoing surgical treatment of morbid obesity with unsatisfactory weight loss or regain of more than 15% of minimum reached weight. METHODS: The authors conducted a retrospective analysis of 15 operated patients who had excess weight loss <50% after two years of follow-up or regained weight more than 15% of the minimum reached weight. We included only patients who had the expected "surgical anatomy", assessed by contrast radiography and endoscopy. Mean age was 47.2 ± 12.5 years, and patients received liraglutide at doses from 1.2 to 3.0 mg/day for eight to 28 weeks follow-up. RESULTS: Surgical treatment induced a weight loss of 34.1 ± 16.5 kg. The average weight regain after 5.3 ± 3.3 years was 14.2 ± 12.1 Kg. The average weight was significantly reduced after treatment with liraglutide (100.9 ± 18.3 kg. vs Kg 93.5 ± 17.4, p <0.0001). Six patients had nausea and two discontinued therapy due to the cost of medication. CONCLUSION: medical treatment directed to the control of satiety using liraglutide may be an alternative treatment of patients with poor weight loss or weight regain after surgery when no technical problem has been identified.

Correlação entre esplenomegalia e plaquetopenia na forma hepatoesplênica da esquistossomose mansônica / Correlation between splenomegaly and thrombocytopenia in hepatosplenic schistosomiasis

RACIONAL: Sabe-se que tanto a leucopenia quanto a plaquetopenia têm relação direta com a esplenomegalia, mas não existem estudos correlacionando de forma direta ou precisa o tamanho do baço com o número de plaquetas. Ainda há controvérsia se a plaquetopenia observada em pacientes com doenças hepáticas crônicas está mais relacionada à esplenomegalia ou à própria hipertensão portal. OBJETIVO: Correlacionar o nível sérico das plaquetas nos períodos pré e pós-operatório imediato com peso e volume do baço em pacientes portadores da forma hepatoesplênica da esquistossomose com indicação para tratamento cirúrgico da hipertensão portal. MÉTODO: Foram analisados os prontuários de pacientes portadores da forma hepatoesplênica da esquistossomose mansônica submetidos a tratamento cirúrgico da hipertensão portal. Foram incluídos portadores com a doença confirmada pelo diagnóstico anatomopatológico da biópsia hepática realizada no período intra-operatório. Foram excluídos todos os doentes que apresentavam antecedentes de etilismo crônico, hepatite viral, evidências clínico-laboratoriais de insuficiência hepática ou alterações histopatológicas compatíveis com cirrose hepática. Foram avaliados: o tamanho e volume do baço; o nível sérico de plaquetas; o número de plaquetas. RESULTADOS: Foram identificados 141 pacientes que preenchiam os critérios de inclusão do total de 160 prontuários analisados. A idade média foi de 39,03 ± 12,74 anos (15 a 74 anos), sendo 84 homens (59,5 por cento) e 57 mulheres (40,5 por cento). O peso médio do baço foi de 966,27 ± 464,61 g (120 a 2700 g). O volume elíptico médio foi de 966,68 ± 499,12 cm3 (236,13 a 2782,36 cm³. Houve correlação estatisticamente significativa entre o peso e o volume elíptico do baço (p<0,0001). O número médio de plaquetas no período pré-operatório foi 76,84 ± 43,64 x10³/mm³, abaixo dos valores considerados normais (150 - 400 x10³/mm³). Observou-se correlação estatisticamente significante entre o número e...

BACKGROUND: It is known that both leukopenia and thrombocytopenia were significantly correlated with splenomegaly, but there is no studies correlating directly or precisely the size of the spleen with the number of platelets. It is controversial whether the thrombocytopenia observed in patients with chronic liver disease is more related to splenomegaly or portal hypertension itself. AIM: To correlate the serum level of platelets in pre and postoperative weight and volume of the spleen in patients with hepatosplenic schistosomiasis with indication for surgical treatment of portal hypertension. METHODS: The medical records of patients with hepatosplenic schistosomiasis mansoni who underwent surgical treatment of portal hypertension were revised. Were included patients with the disease confirmed by pathologic diagnosis of liver biopsy performed during surgery, and excluded all patients who had a history of chronic alcoholism, viral hepatitis, clinical and laboratory evidence of hepatic or histopathological changescompatible with liver cirrhosis. Evaluation of the size and volume of the spleen, the serum level of platelets, the platelet count was done. RESULTS: Were identified 141 patients who met the inclusion criteria of the 160 charts analyzed. The mean age was 39.03 ± 12.74 years (15 to 74 years) and 84 men (59.5 percent) and 57 women (40.5 percent). The average weight of the spleen was 966.27 ± 464.61 g (120-2700 g). The elliptical volume averaged 966.68 ± 499.12 cm³ (from 236.13 to 2782.36 cm³. There was a statistically significant correlation between weight and volume of elliptical spleen (p<0.0001). The average number of platelets in preoperative period was 76.84 ± 43.64 x10³/mm³ below normal values (150-400 x10³/mm³). There was a statistically significant correlation between the numbers and logarithmic value of platelets in both preoperative with weight (p<0.01) with the elliptical volume (p<0.05) spleen. The number of platelets in the...

Evaluation of patients with schistosomal portal hypertension treated in a tertiary hospital / Perfil dos pacientes com Esquistossomose Mansoni tratados em hospital terciário

BACKGROUND: Schistosomiasis is an important public health issue in more than 70 countries around the world. About 600 million people are at risk to acquire the parasite and there are 200 million infected worldwide. AIM: To evaluate the characteristics of schistosomal portal hypertension individuals who underwent previous esophageal varices bleeding treated in a tertiary hospital. METHODS: The records of 155 patients were evaluated and clinical, laboratorial, endoscopic, epidemiological features and hemorrhagic event severity were analyzed to individualize this population. RESULTS: Mean age was 37.2 years and no clinical signs of hepatic failure were observed. Serum laboratory tests to evaluate liver function were normal or slightly alter. Anemia was present in 70 percent, leucopenia in 75 percent and thrombocytopenia in 86 percent of the patients. At endoscopic evaluation varices were classified as grade III and IV in 91.3 percent; red spots were observed in 40.3 percent and congestive gastropathy in 13.6 percent. Patients presented a mean of 2.8 previous episodes of variceal hemorrhage and, in 75 percent with hemodynamic instability. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with schistosomal portal hypertension and history of upper digestive bleeding from esophageal varices are young individuals, without either clinical or laboratorial evidence of liver dysfunction, that present high morbidity due to the severity of the acute event of bleeding.

RACIONAL: Esquistossomose é importante doença na saúde pública envolvendo mais de 70 países. Cerca de 600 milhões de pessoas estão em áreas de risco para adquirir a doença e em torno de 200 milhões estão por ela infectados. OBJETIVO: Avaliar as características da hipertensão porta esquistossomótica em indivíduos que se submeteram previamente a tratamento de varizes esofágicas hemorrágicas em hospital terciário. MÉTODOS: Os prontuários de 155 pacientes foram avaliados analisando-se aspectos clínicos, laboratoriais, endoscópicos, epidemiológicos e intensidade de eventos hemorrágicos. RESULTADOS: A idade média foi de 37.2 anos e não havia sinais clínicos de insuficiência hepática. Análises séricas para avaliação da função hepática foram normais ou levemente alteradas. Anemia estava presente em 70 por cento, leucopenia em 75 por cento e trombocitopenia em 86 por cento. Na endoscopia as varizes foram classificadas em graus III e V em 91.3 por cento; red spots foram vistos em 40.3 por cento e gastropatia congestiva em 13.6 por cento. Os pacientes apresentaram média de 2.8 prévios episódios de hemorragia por varizes e em 75 por cento havia instabilidade hemodinâmica. Conclusões - Pacientes com hipertensão porta esquistossomótica e histórico de sangramento digestivo alto por varizes esofágicas são jovens, sem evidências laboratoriais de alteração hepática importante e apresentam alta morbidade, devido à severidade do evento hemorrágico.

Achado incidental de agenesia do lobo hepático esquerdo em paciente com colecistite aguda / Incidental finding of agenesis of the left hepatic lobe in a patient with acute cholecystitis

INTRODUÇÃO: Anomalias da morfologia hepática são entidades raras causadas por desenvolvimento embriológico anormal do fígado. Podem ser classificadas como anomalias devido a desenvolvimento defeituoso do fígado (agenesia, aplasia e hipoplasia) ou devido ao desenvolvimento excessivo (lobos acessórios). RELATO DO CASO: Paciente de 48 anos, do sexo feminino, obesa (IMC=40), que procurou o serviço de emergência com quadro de colecistite aguda. A paciente foi submetida a colecistectomia videolaparoscópica e durante o procedimento cirúrgico foi verificada a agenesia do lobo hepático esquerdo. A vesícula biliar estava em sua topografia habitual e não havia parênquima hepático à esquerda do ligamento falciforme. A colecistectomia foi realizada sem intercorrências e uma banda gástrica foi colocada para o tratamento da obesidade mórbida. Ela recebeu alta após 60 horas.

INTRODUCTION: Anomalies of hepatic morphology are rare entities caused by abnormal embryological development of the liver. They can be classified as anomalies due to defective development (agenesis, aplasia or hypoplasia) or anomalies due to excessive development of the liver (accessory lobes). CASE REPORT: A 48 years old obese female looked for emergency assistance with acute cholecystitis. An incidental finding of left hepatic lobe agenesis was observed when the patient was submitted to laparoscopic cholecystectomy. There was no hepatic parenchyma to the left of falciform ligament and gallbladder was settled on its normal position. Cholecystectomy was performed uneventfully and an adjustable gastric band was placed for the treatment of the morbid obesity. The patient was discharged after 60 hours.

Acute postsurgical suppurative parotitis: current prevalence at Hospital das Clínicas, São Paulo University Medical School / Parotidite aguda pós-cirúgica: prevalência atual no Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo

Postsurgical acute suppurative parotitis is a bacterial gland infection that occurs from a few days up to some weeks after abdominal surgical procedures. In this study, the authors analyze the prevalence of this complication in Hospital das Clínicas/São Paulo University Medical School by prospectively reviewing the charts of patients who underwent surgeries performed by the gastroenterological and general surgery staff from 1980 to 2005. Diagnosis of parotitis or sialoadenitis was analyzed. Sialolithiasis and chronic parotitis previous to hospitalization were exclusion criteria. In a total of 100,679 surgeries, 256 patients were diagnosed with parotitis or sialoadenitis. Nevertheless, only three cases of acute postsurgical suppurative parotitis associated with the surgery were identified giving an incidence of 0.0028 percent. All patients presented with risk factors such as malnutrition, immunosuppression, prolonged immobilization and dehydration. In the past, acute postsurgical suppurative parotitis was a relatively common complication after major abdominal surgeries. Its incidence decreased as a consequence of the improvement of perioperative antibiotic therapy and postoperative support. In spite of the current low incidence, we believe it is important to identify risks and diagnose as quick as possible, in order to introduce prompt and appropriate therapeutic measures and avoid potentially fatal complications with the evolution of the disease.

A parotidite supurativa pós-cirúrgica é infecção bacteriana da glândula que ocorre poucos dias até algumas semanas após procedimento cirúrgico. Os autores analisam a prevalência desta complicação cirúrgica nos últimos 25 anos do Hospital das Clínicas de São Paulo. Foram analisados os prontuários das cirurgias realizadas pelos serviços de Cirurgia do Aparelho Digestivo e Cirurgia Geral da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo no período de 1980 a 2005, num total de 106790 cirurgias. Todos os prontuários que apresentaram entre os diagnósticos das altas complicações cirúrgicas, parotidite ou sialoadenite foram avaliados. Foram identificados 256 prontuários. Pacientes com outras complicações, ou que já apresentavam sialolitíase ou parotidite crônica anterior à internação foram excluídos do estudo. Foram identificados apenas três casos de parotidite aguda supurativa pós-cirúrgica, revelando incidência de 0,0028 por cento. A parotidite supurativa pós-cirúrgica foi complicação relativamente comum de grandes cirurgias abdominais no passado, com acentuada redução atual da sua incidência decorrente da antibioticoterapia de amplo espectro, além de preparação pré-operatória adequada e suporte pós-operatório dos pacientes. Apesar da baixa incidência atual, consideramos importante identificar seus fatores de risco, assim como realizar diagnóstico precoce, conduta terapêutica apropriada para evitar complicações letais associadas a esta infecção.

Multiple brain abscesses due to Penicillium spp infection

Apresentamos um caso de infecção do sistema nervoso central (SNC) por Penicillium spp em paciente do sexo masculino, HIV-negativo no Brasil. O paciente apresentou-se ao Serviço de Urgência do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo queixando-se de alteração visual e dificuldade na fala. Exames de neuroimagem mostraram lesões múltiplas, compatíveis com abscessos. A biópsia esterotáxica revelou infecção fúngica, iniciando-se o tratamento com anfotericina B com sucesso inicial. O paciente morreu poucos dias depois, vítima de uma hemorragia digestiva maciça devido a varizes de esôfago. A necropsia e a análise microbiológica final da biópsia cerebral revelaram infecção por Penicillium spp. Exixtem centenas de espécies de fungos do gênero Penicillium. A peniciliose sistêmica é causada pelo P. marneffei e costumava ser uma doença rara, mas atualmente é uma das infecções oportunistas mais comuns em associação com AIDS no Sudeste Asiático. Infecção pelo Penicillium spp de espécie diferente do P. marneffei normalmente causa apenas doenças superficiais ou alérgicas mas doenças invasivas também ocorrem raramente. Nós relatamos o quarto caso de infecção do SNC por Penicillium spp.